What is stroke? 

Stroke is a general term referring to the many different types of damage that can occur when the delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to the brain is interrupted. During a stroke, one of the arteries leading to the brain becomes clogged, or may burst, slowing or stopping the flow of blood. As a result, brain cells begin to die and some of the body functions may begin to deteriorate. 

In Canada, stroke is the third leading cause of death, with up to 15 per cent of strokes being caused by Atrial Fibrillation (AF). Strokes due to atrial fibrillation tend to be more severe and can cause greater disability. 

Stroke can result in paralysis, pain, loss of ability to feel pain, or loss of speech and understanding. It can also affect memory, thought and emotional processes.

What are the signs and symptoms of a stroke?

A stroke is very dangerous and could be life-threatening. There are many signs and symptoms of stroke and they can vary depending on the kind of stroke the patient has had. 

Here are some common signs and symptoms of a stroke: 

• Weakness: Sudden loss of strength or sudden numbness in the face, arm or leg, even if temporary
• Trouble Speaking: sudden difficulty speaking or understanding, or sudden confusion, even if temporary
• Vision problems: Sudden trouble with vision, even if temporary
• Headache: Sudden severe and unusual headache
• Dizziness: Sudden loss of balance, especially with any of the above signs

These are some of the most common signs of stroke but not necessarily all the signs. If you have any concerns, contact your doctor immediately. 

How is a stroke diagnosed?

When a stroke is suspected, the doctor will get a history of the event. If the patient is confused or otherwise unable to describe what happened, a family member, friend or other witness is usually a better source of information. 

Tests may be done to determine the patient’s overall level of consciousness and to assess factors such as the ability to open the eyes, the ability to move and the ability to speak. 

The doctor may request a series of other diagnostic procedures such as a CT (computed tomography) scan or an MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).

What are strategies for preventing and reducing the risk of stroke? 

To prevent or reduce the risk of a stroke, consider the following strategies: 

• Quit smoking
• Reduce stress levels
• Reduce excessive alcohol consumption
• Eat a balanced diet, reducing the intake of salt, fat and food high in cholesterol
• Maintain a healthy weight as determined by a doctor
• Exercise regularly, as per your physician's recommendations
• Take medication for high blood pressure, diabetes and high cholesterol as prescribed

Consult your doctor before making lifestyle changes. 

Some patients may require medications to help prevent or reduce the risk of stroke. Anticoagulants and antiplatelets (or blood thinners) can reduce the risk of stroke by thinning the blood and preventing clots from forming.

References available upon request.